The branch of biology that deals with animals and animal life, including the study of the structure, physiology, development, and classification of animals. The term Zoology is also used in the other sense. It is the animal life of a particular area or period e.g. the zoology of Alaska; the zoology of the Pleistocene.
It is the characteristics of a particular animal group or category e.g. the zoology of mammals. The science originated in the works of Hippocrates, Aristotle, and Pliny. The contributions of individuals such as Carolus Linnaeus (system of nomenclature), Louis Agassis, Thomas H. Huxley, Richard Owen (homology), Georges-Louis de Buffon(natural history), Georges Cuvier(comparative anatomy), and Claude Bernard (homeostasis), Charles Darwin (Natural Selection), G.J. Mendel (Inheritance) etc. greatly advanced the field. Aristotle is considered as father of zoology.
The study of science has dual purpose : firstly to gain the knowledge i.e. Pure Science and secondly to be able to apply this knowledge to the human welfare i.e Applied Science. Zoology also in the same ways has a dual purpose. Related with the other branches it has more meaning. Zoology is related to all the other sciences and is more closely related to Botany. Knowledge of physics, chemistry and and other physial sciences is also useful to explain the biological phenomena in animals.
Different methods of classification are followed by taxonomists to make the study of animals more easy. Whittaker considered cell structure, complexity of body and nutrition as main criteria for classification. He placed prokaryotic organisms under kingdom Monera, eukaryotic - unicellular organisms under kingdom Protista, multicellular autotrophs under kingdom Plantae, multicellular heterotrophs under kingdom Animalia and multicellular decomposers under kingdom Fungi.
In kingdom animalia, animals are included under differnt major and minor phyla. Animals are characterized by different body plans like number of cell layers during the development, organisation, fate of blastopore, symmetry, body cavity, cleavages, gut etc. The animal world or animal kingdom is divided into two major groups: non-chordata and chordata. These two groups are named on the basis of an embryonic structure called notochord. In non-chordates, notochord is not found in any stage of their life but it is certainly found atleast in some stage of the life of a chordate.
Non-chordates are further divided into a number of phyla; the major ones are Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda and Echinodermata. Phylum chordata has been divided into two groups- Protochordata and Vertebrata. Protochordates are primitive lower chordates in which vertebral column or back bone is not found but they possess notochord and they are represented by cephalochordates and urochordates. Vertebrata also referred to as craniata incluldes chordates with vertebral column or back bone. The living vertebrates are grouped into seven classes. These classes are - Agnatha or Cyclostomata, Chondrichthyes (cartilagenous fishes), Osteichthyes (bony fishes), Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves and Mammalia.
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