Online Bonding Assignment Help

In a bond ,two atoms are bound by either donating-accepting or sharing of electrons.In a molecule like NaCl, the electronegativity difference between Na and Cl is quiet substantial,which allows the chlorineto 'snatch' the electron from sodium.Thus ionic bond is formed.

In a molecule having bond like C=O,the electronegativity of oxygen is greater than carbon,however not to that extent as would enable the to snatch the electron from .Thus the density of electrons in the bond is 'pulled ' towards oxygen giving rise to polar covalent bond.

In case of C-C bond,since there is no difference between the electronegativities of two atms,it is non-polar covalent bond.

Molecular Bonding : Ionic Bonding

Let us consider an example of sodium chloride molecule.  Sodium has an excess electron than required for the stable configuration.  Similarly the chlorine atom has one less electron in its configuration than required for a stable configuration.
In addition to this, the electronegativity of chlorine is very high.the electronegativity of sodium is very low .  This difference in the in electronegativities of the atoms makes one atom as donor and another as an acceptor. This difference in the electronegativities allows chlorine to snatch an electron from the sodium-atom.  In other words, it is that sodium donates and chlorine accepts the electron.  As a result, a bond is formed between chlorine and sodium atom.  This bond is called as ionic bond.  Another example of and ionic bond is KCl.

Molecular Bonding : Covalent Bonding

Unlike As mentioned above, in a molecule, two atoms may have no difference or very low difference in the electronegativities.  As such, no atom can snatch an electron from the onother atom.  However, they may still share the electrons.  The bonds so formed are called  Covalent bonds.  Covalent bonding can be two types.
Polar
Consider the example of C=O bond.  The electronegativity of oxygen is more than that of carbon.  As such the electron density is pulled more towards oxygen and a polarity is built in the molecule.  Such a bond is known as polar covalent bond.
However, when there is no such difference in the electronegativities, the electrons are shared equally and this one is known as non-polar bond.

Types of Chemical Bonding

Types of Bonding :

Sigma Bonding

     In the formation of ethane molecule, one of the hybridized bonds of each carbon atom chemical is used up in giving C-c bond and the remaining three bonds of each carbon atom are linked with hydrogen atoms. That means, each bond inethane is formed by the overlapping of orbital along their axes. Such bonds are known as sigma bonds.

Pi Bonding

     In compounds of beryllium, boron and carbon, one pair of electrons is mutual between two atoms in the structure of a bond. In some compounds, particularly of carbon, two or three pairs of electrons are concerned in a bond which is the n known a double or a triple bond.

Covalent Compounds Bonding

     In large number of compounds, atoms also mingle by sharing of the electronics in their outermost shells to inclusive their respective octets. This type of linkage is known called covalent bond. The compounds formed by this method known as covalent compounds bond.

Co-ordinate Compound Bonding

     A different types of covalent linkage can be formed when both electrons for sharing between the two atoms are donated by one atom. This kind of linkage is called as coordinate bond.

Metallic Bonding

     Metals normally have low ionization energies since the electrons in the outer shell can be taken out moderately easily. The force that binds a metal atom to a number of electrons within its sphere of power is called as a metallic bond.

Hydrogen Bonding

     In composites of hydrogen with powerfully electronegative elements a such as fluorine, oxygen and nitrogen the electron pair shared between the two atoms fabrication so far away from the hydrogen nucleus that the latter becomes highly positive.

Two types of covalent bonds are formed depending on the way the two atomic orbitals overlap with each other.

Sigma Bond (s)

When the overlap of orbitals of two atoms takes place along the line joining the two nuclei (orbital axis) then the covalent bond formed is called sigma (s) bond. These bonds can be formed due to 's-s', 's-p' or 'p-p' overlap along the orbital axis. Free rotation around a sigma bond is always possible.

Formation of sigma bond due to various overlapping

Pi bond (p)

When the two atoms overlap due to the sideways overlap of their 'p' orbitals, the covalent bond is called as pi(p) bond. In a pi bond the electron density is concentrated in the region perpendicular to the bond axis.

Characteristics of the pi (p) bonds

• The pi bonds are weak because the orbtial overlap is partial.
• For a complete side ways overlap the 'p' orbitals should be parallel to each other. This is possible when all the atoms of the molecule are in the same plane i.e., there is no rotation of one part of the molecule relative to the other about the pi (p) bond.

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